The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of surrounding rock and the behavior of support on energy transmission and dissipation when stress wave generated by impact loading propagates in rock mass. Based on a dynamic model of surrounding rock block and support system, the kinetic energy of the rock block around the support is analyzed to study the damping of absorbed energy. It is found that the impact energy of rock block around the support is controllable. When the damping of local rock blocks increase, the kinetic energy of the rock block around the support substantially decreases and the impact energy is absorbed effectively. Meanwhile, the effect of dissipated damping between the local block rocks is better in absorption of energy than that of the concentrated damping. When the damping of support increases, the ability of absorbing impact energy is lower than that of the surrounding rock with the same level of damping. When the combined dampings of surrounding rock and support are applied to absorb energy and to counteract impact energy, surrounding rock is regarded as the primary medium to actively absorb energy, and the support is the supplemented medium to passively absorb energy. Based on these characteristics, a new theory of energy absorption and anti-impact is developed, which provides a new approach to preventing dynamic disaster of rockburst.