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  • Rock and Soil Mechanics
    Supervised by: Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Publisher: Science China Press
    Period:Monthly Publication
    Editor-in-Chief:KONG LingWei
    Sponsored by :Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Journal Tags: EI
    Language: Chinese
    Release Date: 1979
    ISSN 1000-7598 CN 42-1199/O3
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Table of Content
09 April 2005, Volume 26 Issue 4
Fundamental Theroy and Experimental Research
Improved Bathe’s algorithm for seepage problems with free surfaces
ZHENG Hong , DAI Hui-chao , LIU De-fu,
. 2005, 26 (4):  505-512. 
Abstract ( 1421 )   PDF (543KB) ( 1078 )  
A new variational inequality formulation is proposed for seepage problems with free surfaces. The formulation enforces a Signorini’s type of boundary condition on the potential seepage boundaries. The singularity of the seepage points is hence eliminated theoretically; and the location of the seepage points is also determined. Meanwhile, through replacing the step Heaviside function with a continuous Heaviside function dependent on a mesh parameter during discretization, the mesh dependency inherent in Bathe’s algorithm is overcome and the numerical stability is significantly improved.
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Damage-fracture evolution theory of rock and soil(I): damage-fracture space
DANG Fa-ning
. 2005, 26 (4):  513-519. 
Abstract ( 954 )   PDF (2832KB) ( 644 )  
This article points out each of the current analytical methods used in rock and soil mechanics through CT number research avail of observation, wasting the precious quantitative information of CT datum. Utilizing the CT number, the perfect degree and the damage-fracture degree of a point inside the rock sample are defined; the level perfect field, the level damage-fracture field and the ( — )level intercepted section are defined according to the level perfect degree and the level damage-fracture degree and the set theory; the size of the level perfect field, the level damage-fracture field and the( — )level intercepted section can be accurately calculated avail of the measure theory; based on these conceptions of the rock and soil media perfect space and damage-fracture space are established, paving a new way for the quantitative analysis of the rock and soil mechanics by means of the CT datum. If the level is magnified from the mesomechanics value to the macroscopic one, this method is suitable for the macroscopic geotechnical mechanics, realizing the unified description of the macroscopic mechanics and the mesomechanics, the unified description of the continuum mechanics and porous media or crannied media mechanics comes true, too.
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Effects of an underground lined tunnel on ground motion(I): series solution
LIANG Jian-wen , JI Xiao-dong , Vincent W Lee,
. 2005, 26 (4):  520-524. 
Abstract ( 1425 )   PDF (4069KB) ( 906 )  
A series solution for the effects of an underground circular lined tunnel on ground motion under incident plane P and SV waves is presented using the wave expansion method. When the liner medium and the half-space medium are identical, the series solution can be reduced to the solution for an unlined tunnel in the literature. The solution can be used to quantitatively analyze the amplification of incident P and SV waves due to the underground tunnel, and the effects of incident wavelength, incident angle, diameter of the tunnel, and liner stiffness on the ground motion.
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Theoretical analysis of vertical load-carrying behavior of rectangular barrette groups
LEI Guo-hui , HONG Xin , SHI Jian-yong,
. 2005, 26 (4):  525-530. 
Abstract ( 1389 )   PDF (503KB) ( 1380 )  
Unlike a circular pile, the cross section of a rectangular barrette is nonaxisymmetrical. Therefore, not only the pile spacing but also the pile shape and the pile group layout will have influence on both the load-carrying behavior and the pile group effect of barrette groups. In order to analyze these influencing factors, a calculation method is proposed for obtaining the load-settlement relationship of the barrette groups with or without a rigid cap, using the Mindlin equation and the static force equilibrium equation. It has been found that, when designing a barrette group, barrettes should be aligned longitudinally (i.e., along their longer sides); and for attenuating the pile group effect of the barrettes of typical size, the face-to-face spacing among barrettes should be greater than 2 m.
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Investigation on triaxial rheological mechanical properties of greenschist specimen (I): experimental results
XU Wei-ya , YANG Sheng-qi , YANG Song-lin , XIE Shou-yi , SHAO Jian-fu , WANG Yi-feng
. 2005, 26 (4):  531-537. 
Abstract ( 1886 )   PDF (1413KB) ( 1694 )  
In order to know about the rheological properties of greenschist specimen in Jingping First Stage Hydropower Project, triaxial compression rheological experiments with greenschist spceimens were carried out on the rock servo-controlling rheology testing machine. Based on the triaxial rheological experimental results, the variance law of axial and lateral strains of greenschist specimens with the time under different confining pressures is investigated. The effect of rheological properties on the stress-strain curve of greenschist is also discussed. At the same time, the variance tendency of axial and lateral rheological rates under different deviatoric stresses is discussed in detail; and rheological failure mechanism under different confining pressures is also analyzed. The triaxial rheological law of greenschist specimen is mastered, which brings important reference for the identification of parameters when carrying out the rheological numerical finite element analysis of this hydropower project.
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Behavior of geosynthetics versus geosynthetic reinforced sand
WU Jing-hai,
. 2005, 26 (4):  538-541. 
Abstract ( 1634 )   PDF (714KB) ( 1289 )  
Now, theoretical research on geosynthetic reinforcement lags behind engineering practice. In order to help choosing geosynthetic type and comprehending the geosynthetic reinforcement mechanism, systematic triaxial compression tests were made for the sand reinforced by five kinds of geosynthetics. It was obtained different effects of various geosynthetics on the shear strength and the stress-strain behaviors of the sand. Experimental results show: (1) the stress and strain tendency of the sand reinforced by various geosynthetics is different; (2) geotextiles are likely to be suited for projects allowing high displacement, PET warp knitting geogrids and oriented geogrids for projects allowing medium displacement, glass fiber warp knitting geogrids for projects allowing low displacement and geonets for secondary projects; (3) the confining effect of sand to act on different kinds of geosynthetics varies largely.
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A damage constitutive model for frozen soils under uniaxial compression based on CT dynamic distinguishing
LIU Zeng-li , ZHANG Xiao-peng , LI Hong-sheng ,
. 2005, 26 (4):  542-546. 
Abstract ( 1679 )   PDF (454KB) ( 1252 )  
A damage constitutive model for frozen soil under uniaxial compression is set up according to continuous damage mechanics theory. Based on CT timely investigation, the damage values of Lanzhou loess under uniaxial compression are calculated by hardening curve method and CT distinguishing method for plastic and micro-crack damage processes respectively. Furthermore, a linear relationship between damage value and elastic strain is presented to express evolution model for damage;and effective stress is calculated.
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Displacement back analysis of embankment dam based on neural network and evolutionary algorithm
ZHANG Bing-yin, YUAN Hui-na,LI Quan-ming
. 2005, 26 (4):  547-552. 
Abstract ( 1567 )   PDF (3901KB) ( 1138 )  
A new approach of displacement back analysis is proposed by combining the neural network and evolutionary algorithm. The neural network with optimal architecture trained by evolutionary algorithm and Vogl algorithm is used to substitute the time-consuming finite element analysis. The convergence of search is improved and speeded up by evolution strategies such as multi-population. The proposed approach is verified by applying it to the displacement back analysis of Maopingxi embankment dam in Three Gorges Project: and the influence of generation number and sample size on the simulation ability of neural network is studied.
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Elastoplastic basis of geotechnical engineering reinforcement analysis
YANG Qiang, CHEN Xin, ZHOU Wei-yuan
. 2005, 26 (4):  553-557. 
Abstract ( 1349 )   PDF (471KB) ( 1908 )  
This paper focuses on properties of unbalanced forces in 3D elastoplastic calculation. The relationship among unbalanced forces, reinforced force and structural stability is established. In fact, the iteration procedure of elastoplastic calculation is a procedure of gradually elimination of unbalanced forces. It is revealed that a structure is stable if loading it with a reinforced force which is the same as the unbalanced force but with opposite direction; and therefore unbalanced forces can be used to guide reinforcement analysis. Furthermore, it was shown that the elastoplastic theory always minimizes unbalanced force or reinforced force in the sense of the minimum complementary energy principle of transferred force and superior limit theorem of reinforced force, and such a reinforced force is more safer than the actual one. Case study for an arch dam shows that the distribution of unbalanced force is helpful to evaluate the structural stability and reinforcement.
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Slope stability and strengthening analysis by strength reduction FEM
LIU Zuo-qiu,ZHOU Cui-ying,DONG Li-guo,TAN Xiang-shao, DENG Yi-mei
. 2005, 26 (4):  558-561. 
Abstract ( 2079 )   PDF (406KB) ( 1580 )  
An elastoplastic strength reduction FEM is utilized in the analysis of slope stability and reinforcing; and the authors present a well-defined total equivalent plastic strain (TEPS) zone as the failure criterion when it running through the bottom to the top of a slope by the strength reduction FEM method. So, the conception of failure of a slope is clear. At the same time, the strength reduction coefficient before the TEPS zone is considered as the safety factor of a slope; thus, the sliding surface must be located at the zone of TEPS. The results of stability analysis and the reinforcing calculation of a certain slope in a certain water supply reconstruction project show that the TEPS zone as a failure criterion of strength reduction FEM is reasonable and can be widely applied to slope engineering practice.
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Experimental study on particle breakage of rockfill and coarse aggregates
LIU Han-long, QIN Hong-yu, GAO Yu-Feng, ZHOU Yun-dong
. 2005, 26 (4):  562-566. 
Abstract ( 2052 )   PDF (5263KB) ( 2088 )  
Particle breakage of coarse aggregates is analyzed based on large-scale triaxial tests. Particle breakage index increases with the increase of confining pressures. The relationship between particle breakage index and confining pressure can be expressed by hyperbolic curves. The increasing of particle breakage will result in decreasing of the strength of coarse aggregates. The relationship between peak internal friction angle and particle breakage index can be presented as power function. Irrespective of the compressive strength of rock, particle size, angularity, gradation and initial void ratio, the experimental data fall within a narrow band. As a result, particle breakage index can be evaluated as long as confining pressures and the coefficients are obtained.
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Equivalent analyzing method of plane strain of drain pile ground considering well resistance and smearing
CHEN Xiao-dan ,ZHAO Wei-bing,
. 2005, 26 (4):  567-571. 
Abstract ( 1890 )   PDF (392KB) ( 1699 )  
According to the consistency of average consolidation degree or pore water pressure, the drain pile is equivalent to the drain wall for analyzing; and the equivalent formula of plane strain of the drain pile ground is deduced considering well resistance and smearing. Thereby, the complicated three-dimensional problem is changed to that of the plane. This method is simple; and it is only needed to modulate the coefficient of permeability. Furthermore, the computing results can meet the demand of the actual engineering. So this method can be used easily and widely in this field.
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Study on residual strain of frozen soil and CT analysis under cyclic loading of variable amplitudes
XU Chun-hua , XU Xue-yan , SHEN Xiao-dong,
. 2005, 26 (4):  572-576. 
Abstract ( 1469 )   PDF (2718KB) ( 1019 )  
By means of the experimental data from dynamic triaxial stress-strain test of variable cyclic amplitude for frozen soil, the formative conditions of residual strain on frozen silt clay are studied. It is concluded that the residual strain of frozen soil decreases as the temperature falls, increases with the vibratory times at the same temperature level; and the change of water content has a little effect on it, through the relationships of residual strain versus temperature, vibratory time and water content. The variation laws of structural hair cracking and the characteristics of density for frozen soils are analyzed quantitatively based on the CT scanning results of frozen silt clay before and after dynamic triaxial test. And the formation mechanism of seismic-thaw-settlement of frozen soils is interpreted.
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Study on anti-sliding effect of the scattered row piles in soil nailing wall pit-protection
JIN Gang-feng , TU Yu-min , RUAN Chang-qing ,
. 2005, 26 (4):  577-579. 
Abstract ( 1583 )   PDF (648KB) ( 1121 )  
The most dangerous arc sliding face of the soil nailing wall is usually much deeply in soft clay foundation pit protection, while excavation depth is comparatively deep. It is very difficult to satisfy the engineering design. The scattered row piles will be adopted to satisfy its whole stability. This text analyzes the earth pressure acting on the scattered row piles with soil plasticity and soil arch effect principle. The anti-sliding effect of the scattered row pile in soil nailing wall excavation protection is studied with a principle of pile-soil interaction. It is verified by the actual engineering in deep excavation protection.
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Study on shear strength of the unsaturated soils in pendular state and its application
JIA Qi-jun , ZHAO Cheng-gang , HAN Zi-dong,
. 2005, 26 (4):  580-585. 
Abstract ( 1861 )   PDF (580KB) ( 1164 )  
Based on the micromechanical structure, an approximate equation between the increase of normal stress and suction due to capillarity in unsaturated assemblies of unequal-sized spheres is proposed and derived; and then the shear strength of unsaturated soils in pendular stage is derived also. All the equations derived have been verified by experiments and theoretical analysis. At last, the effect of soil gradation on the shear strength of unsaturated soils is analyzed qualitatively.
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Research on groundwater pollution brought out by leachate of municipal refuse in bored pile construction
YANG Ming-liang , YAO Hai-lin , HENG Qi-ling , LUO Xing-wen,
. 2005, 26 (4):  586-590. 
Abstract ( 2270 )   PDF (451KB) ( 1532 )  
If the large diameter bored pile is adopted in foundation, the current leakproof system of municipal refuse landfill must be damaged, as a result, groundwater will be polluted by the leachate. Based on analyzing the process of pollutants transmission in construction, we put forward major pollution-controlled measures including whole steel tube timbering to refuse layer from top to bottom, protection on bore with bentonite mud, and reduction of interval time between bore ending and concrete grouting beginning, the loss model of slurry in bore and the calculation model of pollutant concentration brought by leachate diffusion in groundwater. Once the pollutant concentration is calculated for given constructional condition, we can forecast the pollutant concentration in groundwater and polluted degree of groundwater. The construction process of bored pile and the important construction matters needing attention are presented at last.
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Study on adaptive time step of consolidation problems by finite element method
NGUYEN Quang-hung, FU Shao-jun, CHEN Sheng-hong
. 2005, 26 (4):  591-595. 
Abstract ( 1482 )   PDF (598KB) ( 902 )  
The accuracy and stabilility of a problem solved by finite element method is concerned and taken into account by many researchers. In order to improve the numerical accuracy and stabilility, based on Biot’s consolidation theory the adapted time step algorithm is introduced for solving consolidation problems. The method is to estimate local and global erros of stress state and pore pressure. By the link between errors and time step length the time step adaptivity strategy has been proposed. This study can provide well understanding of development of the relation between stress and strain by time. Furthermore the study will be very useful for the design and construction of dams with earth core wall.
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Approximate calculation method of two-dimentional stress of deadwork
LI De-zhong, LI Chong
. 2005, 26 (4):  596-599. 
Abstract ( 1164 )   PDF (4109KB) ( 876 )  
In the study of support technology in the development of mine ,the key point is how to determine the direction and value of two-dimentional stress of working section. This paper mainly introduces a method to estimate the stress in the working section through displacement coefficient of working section through the three side of spot measure,theory,geology. This method can be used to calculate approximately the vertical and horizontal stress of working sections in the development of roadway .
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Experimental study of cemented soil under environmental erosion
NING Bao-kuan , CHEN Si-li , LIU Bin , LIU Yi-fang,
. 2005, 26 (4):  600-603. 
Abstract ( 1512 )   PDF (503KB) ( 1350 )  
The soil-cement pile foundation was widely used to improve soft foundation in civil engineering. Some erosive ions, which lie in groundwater and seawater, might affect mechanical property of cemented soil. In this paper, some testing was made about cemented soil curing in erosive chemical conditions. Based on the testing data, the mechanical effects of cemented soil in different environmental conditions were discussed. The results show that the chemical erosion was evident on cemented soil. At the same time, mechanisms of erosion were analyzed.
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Maximum lateral deformation of dry mixing column composite foundation in expressway engineering
DENG Yong-feng, LIU Song-yu, HONG Zhen-shun
. 2005, 26 (4):  604-607. 
Abstract ( 1441 )   PDF (471KB) ( 1086 )  
This paper investigated the relationship between the maximum lateral deformation and the vertical settlement of dry mixing column composite foundation under embankment loads. The relationship is a bilinear one which is the same as that reported for natural soft ground. But for the dry mixing column composite foundation, the incremental ratio of maximum lateral deformation over vertical settlement at the second stage is much smaller than that at the first stage. This result is contrary to that reported for natural soft ground under embankment loads. The reason responsible for the difference is contributed to the change in the stress ratio of pile to soil. The analysis also indicates that the deformation of the second stage mainly controls the construction quality of embankment for the dry mixing column composite foundation. Based on the compiled data of dry mixing column composite foundation, the incremental ratio of maximum lateral deformation over vertical settlement at the second stage is about 0.115.
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Analysis of characteristics of longitudinal wave velocity of mortar subjected to hydrochloric acid attack
HUO Run-ke , LI Ning , LIU Han-dong,
. 2005, 26 (4):  608-611. 
Abstract ( 1232 )   PDF (495KB) ( 849 )  
The variations of the longitudinal wave velocity of mortar specimens made of cement:sand:water=1:3:0.5 and subjected to different hydrochloric acid attacks were investigated by means of the accelerated corroded test. The relationship including the chemical reactive rate, the alternation of the concentration of hydrion and calcium ion and the properties of formed gel compounds were inspected. The characteristics of chemical reactive stage and the delayed action of the dissolved out Ca2+were observed.
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Analysis of stratum displacements by multiple arch tunnel construction
HE Chuan ,LI Yong-lin, LIN Gang,WANG Hui-bang
. 2005, 26 (4):  612-616. 
Abstract ( 1771 )   PDF (4465KB) ( 985 )  
Based on a certain multiple arch tunnel project, the magnitudes and distributed regularities of stratum displacements have been attained through the numerical simulation analysis for the whole construction process of 40 m-length entrance section using 3D FEM, which is proved and given some necessary supplements through model test with the natural scale of 1:20. Therefore, the stratum displacements regularities and the key-attention zones during the whole construction process are put forward, which will have the direct guidance for the actual engineering works and reference for the similar project as well.
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Fitting stress-strain curve of geo-material based on CGP model
YI Da, GE Xiu-run,
. 2005, 26 (4):  617-620. 
Abstract ( 1428 )   PDF (421KB) ( 1072 )  
Emergence, an important concept of complexity theory, is introduced. A method known as CGP(constrained generating Procedure)model for studying emergence in complex system is introduced too. Emergence concept is applied to geotechnical engineering for the first time; and a new methodology based on CGP model to fit the stress-strain curve of geo-material is proposed. An example is studied; and the results show that the proposed method can be applied to fitting the stress-strain curve successfully.
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Study on application of modified Weibull model to settlement prediction of foundation
TU Xu-hang, WANG Zhi-liang , LIANG Zhen-miao, LI Yong-chi,
. 2005, 26 (4):  621-623. 
Abstract ( 1437 )   PDF (367KB) ( 1250 )  
The settlement prediction of foundations is always a frontal problem in geotechnical engineering. Aimed at the shortcomings of traditional exponential model, some analyses and improvements are done, and then, the modified Weibull curve model with more universality for settlement prediction is put forward. Furthermore, the rationality of this model is attested with several engineering examples. It can be easily found that this model can cause more accurately predicting results of foundation settlements. In a way, it has some reference and application value in practice. At last, the further studying problem is pointed out.
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Control factors on shear strength of completely decomposed granite
ZHAO Jian-jun, WANG Si-jing, SHANG Yan-jun, YUE Zhong-qi,
. 2005, 26 (4):  624-628. 
Abstract ( 1764 )   PDF (490KB) ( 3174 )  
The relations among the shear strength, microstructure and composition of completely decomposed granite are discussed. The friction angle is mainly controlled by the content of particles greater than 0.5 mm and total content of quartz and feldspar. The discreteness of cohesion is attributed to the complexity of control factors. The relationship between the shear strength and the strain shows that friction has a predominant proportion in the shear strength. And furthermore, it can explain the discreteness of cohesion as well.
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Electric charge accumulation theory for electro-osmotic consolidation
ZHUANG Yan-feng, WANG Zhao,
. 2005, 26 (4):  629-632. 
Abstract ( 1574 )   PDF (471KB) ( 1398 )  
Based on the phenomena of electric charge accumulation observed in the model experiments, an electro-osmosis theory named electric charge accumulation theory is brought out in this paper. By substituting the principle of current continuity with charge conservation, the differential equation of charge accumulation model is built. The analytic solution of the differential equation shows that: the spatial distribution of electric potential follows a superposition of linear and trigonometric function, and finally levels off to a linear distribution, which is hypothesized by Esrig; the decreasing of potential gradient follows a certain style of exponential function, and levels off to a constant; the decreasing styles of electric current and soil conductivity are approximatively accordant with those in energy level gradient theory. Finally, the electric charge accumulation theory is validated by some tested data.
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Study on geogrid-reinforced and pile-supported embankment over gulch weak subsoil
YAN Shu-wang, ZHOU Hong-jie, CUI Wei, FENG Shou-zhong
. 2005, 26 (4):  633-637. 
Abstract ( 2283 )   PDF (4005KB) ( 1120 )  
The popular and traditional method of foundation treatment in mountainous areas is to adopt the system of piles. But in some conditions such as existence of the thick mud layer, it is not perfect to use the pile group solely. This paper presents a new combinational foundation system, using geogrids and compacted soil-cement piles to improve the weak subsoil in the mountainous areas. Through the plane strain finite element method, the behavior and mechanism of improved embankment are studied and some useful functions of the geogrid are found in the composite subsoil. For example, the geogrid behaves like a tensioned membrane. It can significantly reduce the differential settlement between the pile head and the surrounding soil and side displacement of the embankment. With the help of the geogrid, the limit bearing capacity of the subsoil is promoted considerably. It has been found that the geogrid has less influence on the embankment settlement. In addition, the largest effective stress appears near the bottom of the piles due to the negative surface friction existing between the soil-cement piles and the subsoil.
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Application of 3-D FEM to analyzing seepage flow on left bank slope of Nuozhadu Hydro-project
LI Xin-qiang, CHEN Zu-yu
. 2005, 26 (4):  638-641. 
Abstract ( 1523 )   PDF (917KB) ( 988 )  
In the seepage control analysis, many drainage simulation methods have developed, such as drainage substructure method, expansion flow resistance method, etc. However, there are many complicated drainage needed in large underground cavities, and it is miscellaneous for simulating each drainage hole in all. This paper illustrates the simplified method with underground cavities on the left bank slope of Nuozhadu Hydro-project. Base on the reasonable premise for flux boundary and head boundary, by comparison with several schemes, accordant head and flux in the drainage location was reached. The resulted drainage effect achieved is reliable. It is helpful to optimize the seepage-control schemes, at the same time water-load is provided reliably for the evaluation of deformation and stability.
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Classification of rockburst using support vector machine
ZHAO Hong-bo
. 2005, 26 (4):  642-644. 
Abstract ( 1283 )   PDF (431KB) ( 1600 )  
Rockburst is a disaster occurred usually in deep mines. Because of poor understanding of the mechanism, it is very difficult to give accurate classification using deterministic mechanical methods. A new method, therefore, was proposed. It was to use support vector machine to represent nonlinear relationship between rockburst and its factors. This model was learned from case histories and then could be used fast classification of rockburst for similar conditions. The support vector machine models have been established .The models gave accurate classification for the novel conditions. The results show this method is scientific, reliable, and promising.
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Prediction of unconfined compressive strength of cemented soils with quasi-water-cement ratio
CHU Cheng-fu, HONG Zhen-shun, LIU Song-yu,XU Ting,
. 2005, 26 (4):  645-649. 
Abstract ( 1495 )   PDF (505KB) ( 1811 )  
A series of physical tests and unconfined compressive shear tests were performed on reconstituted Lianyungang clays mixed with powder cement or slurry cement to investigate the effects of water content, cement content and curing time on the strength behavior of the cemented clays. A concept of quasi-water-cement ratio is proposed for predicting the unconfined compressive strength of cemented clays. The strength prediction formula proposed in this study can be used for predicting the change in unconfined compressive strength with the variation of water content, cement content and curing time, based on the laboratory test result of the cemented clay with 28days of curing time for only a given quasi-water-cement ratio. The proposed strength prediction formula can be also well applied for the test data of the cemented soils published by other independent researchers, further indicating the validity of the strength prediction formula.
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Microstudy on mechanism of sand fixation with SH
WANG Yin-mei, CHEN Wen-wu , HAN Wen-feng,
. 2005, 26 (4):  650-654. 
Abstract ( 1447 )   PDF (558KB) ( 1132 )  
SH is a new polymer solidified material; it may be used for sand fixation in deserts. It is a repairing material for environment. In this paper, modern analytical methods have been used. These research methods include IR spectrum, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) techniques. Microstudy of the mechanism about sand fixation with SH has been made. The results show the importance of physicochemical action. This opens out the essence of sand fixation with polymer such as SH. The result indicates that the mechanism of sand fixation by SH is more complicated. It includes a set of physicochemical processes. After SH and sand being combined, the functional group of SH has no chemical bond to sand, it is only little hydrogen bond and Fan force influence of the strength. The strength of SH-fixated sand is the result of physicochemical action such as absorb, bridge, flocculate and ion exchange, etc. SH-fixated sand is not broken out in water, and resistance to wind erosion.
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Discussion on problems in environmental geotechnology
FANG Jiang-hua, ZHANG Zhi-hong, JIANG Yu-song,
. 2005, 26 (4):  655-659. 
Abstract ( 1341 )   PDF (362KB) ( 2069 )  
Based on the recent development condition of environmental geotechnology, the definition, research content, research methods and research direction of the environmental geotechnology are systematically summarized and expounded. The authors have put forward their opinion about the definition of environmental geotechnology and analyzed the main problems that environmental geotechnology confront and needing to be solved. The research of environmental geotechnology should take the systems engineering as guide and emphasize complementation of many research methods. The development potential of environmental geotechnology is very large; and it is expected to be further perfected in the theory and practice.
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Test study on strength character of unsaturated and undisturbed loess
HU Sheng-xia, ZHOU Yun-dong, CHEN Zheng-han,
. 2005, 26 (4):  660-663. 
Abstract ( 1957 )   PDF (498KB) ( 1625 )  
The direct shear tests of 16 specimens of loess (4 groups) with controlling matric suction were carried out; and the shear strength curve of the unsaturated and undisturbed loess were obtained by using a new direct shear meter for unsaturated soils. Strength characters of unsaturated and undisturbed loess were analysed and inquired. The study shows that the shear strength curves with different matric suctions have different locations in a - figure as well as linear rising; the friction angle of undisturbed loess has little change with the change of matric suction; but the cohesion has a linear increase with the increasing of matric suction.
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Modification of formula estimating ultimate bearing capacity of rock foundation based on Hoek-Brown strength criterion
LI Pei-yong,YANG Qing,LUAN Mao-tian
. 2005, 26 (4):  664-666. 
Abstract ( 1298 )   PDF (388KB) ( 1636 )  
To estimate the ultimate bearing capacity of the rock foundation is very important for the safety of the structure engineering. The purpose of this paper is to research the formula based on Hoek-Brown strength criterion, which estimates the ultimate bearing capacity of rock foundation under shear failure model. After estimating normal stress on the potential failure plane, instantaneous internal friction angle and deadweight of rock masses were calculated. On the basis of Hoek-Brown strength criterion and limiting equilibrium method, the formula was derived again. A modified formula is put forward, including the deadweight and instantaneous internal friction angle. Finally, the modified formula is verified by an engineering example. The results show that the modified formula is more reliable.
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Recent development of consolidation theories of unsaturated soils
ZHANG Zhi-hong,ZHAO Cheng-gang, DENG Min,
. 2005, 26 (4):  667-672. 
Abstract ( 1505 )   PDF (472KB) ( 1978 )  
The consolidation theories and test results of unsaturated soils are summarized in detail, which include the recent development in China and abroad. The consolidation theories of unsaturated soilshave very good applicated future, but they are not mature and need the much research effort to develop.
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