A new fracture mechanics approach for in-situ stress determination by hydra-fracturing is proposed. It improves the fracture mechanics method as presented by Abou-Sayed etc. (1978). The accuracy of determination of the maximum horizontal stress (σHmax) is considerably enhanced by replacing fracture toughness of rock, K1c, and preexisting crack length L in rock by a new parameter U(U=K1c/√2) . The reason is that K1c is related to crack length L when crack length is smaller than a critical value and to determine the length of preexisting crack in rock as accurate as possible is very difficult. In addition the parameter U can be directly measured through a simple hollow-cylinder burst test. Based on recent experimental tests of fracture toughness of rock the new parameter U appears to be a constant when crack lengths are smaller than a certain critical value . The parameter √2 U may be taken also as a tensile strength of rock which contains small randomly distributed preexisting cracks.

The mechanical properties of weak porous sandstone with uniaxial compressive strength of about 300kg/cm2 , porosity as high as 27% and bulk density 1.85 g/cm3 , were investigated experimentally by using Mogil’s true triaxial compressive apparatus. The properties of deformation and failure, in the whole process from brittleness to ductility, were observed by bringing confining pressure up to 500 kg/cm2 under room temperature . The intermediate principal stress was successfully brought up from the lowest limit. σ2=σ3 to the highest limit , σ2=σ1 under constant confining pressure, 50 and 100 kg/cm2 respectively. The whole process that the strength increases gradually to a maximum and then decreases gradually with increasing of intermediate principal stress under constant σ3 was observed . Failure and flow were effecfed not due to volume dilatancy but rather du to compression of volume under constant confining stress of 100 kg/cm 2 and a general triaxial stress state of σ3 =100 kg/cm2 , σ2=295kg/cm2 . For hard rocks , this behavior can be observed possibly only under higher temperatures and pressures. The experimental result shows that the ductility and coefficient of strain hardening are increased in proportion to the intermediate stress σ2 under constant σ3 . This is different from the behavior of hard rocks.

This paper is presented to discuss emphatically the characteristics of compressive deformation of marble under the three-dimentional stress states and the researches of the influences on stress-strain relationship, strength , and failure mechanism by different loading paths. The tests that have been conducted included the constant confining pressure repeated loading, constant stresses, equal proportional loading or ynloading, the hydrostatic and uniaxial tests. The Model CBS-2 digital displacement apparatus manufacfured by our institute was used for measurement in these tests. The probes were directly fixed between the top and bottom fillers of specimen in a high pressure cylinder . It could be used to measure the deformation of specimen after failure, consequently there has a sufficient range for measuring deformation than that of electric strain gauge. The stress-strain relationships for different loading paths are given, and the author proposed some opinions to these problems.

This paper discusses in detail compacted states of common clay (the effect of the structural strength can be negiligible) and clay possessing structural strength. The physical essence of preconsolidation pressure is distinguished from that of structural yield pressure. The difference between them is demonstrated. It is pointed out that improper interpretation their difference may cause froubles in analyzing compactibility of clays and evaluating their mechanical properties. The relationship among structural strength, compactibility , and shear strength of clays is discussed, and some phenomena of pore-water pressure change are presented.

This paper presets the results of simple-shear rheological tests for the shallow clay layer in Shanghai and the rheological parameters of this clay layer, such as shear parameter, viscosity and long-term strength etc. , by using the obtained relationship among stress, strain and time. The test results show that with certain density and water content of the clay and shear stress less than the yield value, the relationship between shear stress and shear strain for the same shear duration can be obtained by superposition theorem. Because of its linearity, likewise, the relationship between long-term shear flow rate and shear stress also hold true thus, from the linear portion of the curves mentioned above the shear modulus G and viscosity η can be obtained . however , when shear stress is beyond a certain yield value, the curve becomes non-linear. This yield value can be regarded as long-term strength of the soil . In rheological experiments these parameters are all functions of time.

The foundation pit of Gezhouba Dam at the part of Erjiang River was discovered to remove in surrounding rock during excavation. For the purpose of ingestigation of its causes, a fabric analysis method is adopted in this paper. The occurrence of each fabric factor can be accurately measured and calculated by the mathematical statistics, so as to analyse the formation conditions of rock and the genesis and development of various tectonic movements. The orientation and magnitude of rock stresses are studied due to changes of crystal lattice of rock-forming minerals caused by differential movements inside the rock. Twelve pieces of sample which were cut off from the original rock as the Dam site were fabrically analysed respectively by X-ray method and microscope (F fabric) method. By comparing with each other, the orientation and magnitude of the tectonic stresses were obtained. It is shown that the orientation and magnitudes of in-situ geo-stress as determined from the fabric analysis are in accord with the results obtained from engineering geology or in-situ stress measurement. From this research, the orientations and magnitudes of geo-stress determined by the fabric analysis are found to be ;suitable for evaluating stability in rock engineering.

The tunnel construction method based on “NATM” principle is tried and has been spread out gradually in china . It is important to monitor the tunnel opening during the construction with “NATM” , which is still a weak link in china. This paper briefly sums up the basic conception and direction principle of “NATM”, and it also expounds of significance and main contents of site monitoring. Furthermore, there gives an example to explain the results of monitoring at the tunnel of “Mine Yen” in Japan. The method of so called “Direct-strain-control” which was proposed by Prof. Shunsuke Sakurai of Kobe university in Japan introduced emphatically in this paper. This method considers the strain as a failure criterion to evaluate the stability of tunnel opening.

This paper describes how the acoustical log technique is applied to the exploration work on rock foundation . In order to analyze the results obtained from the acoustical measurement by single hole and cross-hole transmission techniques, two modelling tests were carried out. By the use of acoustical refraction and transmission technique, the authors have been conducted a lot of field tests since 1973 in several engineering works to determine the size of underground cavities.

Further experimental study has carried out for investigation the properties of the mixture of plaster and diatomaceous earth. It is suggested that the mixture can be considered as a modelling material to simulate marble when the ratio of water to plater is about 1.2 to 2.0, and the ratio of diatomaceous earth to plaster about 0.12 to 0.5. To evaluate the similarity between this mixture and marble , similarity of σ-εγ curve of the mixture are compared with those of marble . Good correlation between the two curves are obtained. It is indicated that in the physico-mechanical model tests for discontinuons media actual states in prototypes can be forthrightly and accurately derived from the information given by model tests, provided such correlations are satisfied.

This paper analyses in detail the error of high and low frequency responses for measuring eplosion acceleration system in the frequency domain. The error caused by measuring system is calculated by means of spectrum analysis of input and output waveforms and different areas enclosed by amplitude-frequency curves. In addition, this paper introduces a method of calibrating impulse accelerometer in the frequency domain by Fourier transform method and presents a formula to determine the sensitivity of accelerometer.

In this paper, there problems are discussed. The mathematical model of the electromagnetic-type dynamic triaxial apparatus is presented. Based on this model, dynamic analysis is performed for the DSZ-100 type dynamic triaxial apparatus and the results of consistent with the experiments are obtained. The probable way of reasonable design is finally discussed by using the results of dynamic analysis.

Model DHF-1 variable-phase versatile function generator is an apparatus in which positive or negative slope and pulse width could be adjusted continually. The versatile function generator can produce continuous waveforms such as sinusoidal, square, triangular, trapezoidal, positive and negative saw-tooth etc. It can also produce ramp, step waves and single-cycle arbitrary wave independently adjustable to both positive or negative slope and pulse width. The versatile function generator is specially designed as a programmer for dynamic triaxial closed-loop servo-controlled testing systems. It may be specifically applied to the following tests: tensile, fracture mechanics, low-cycled fatigue, fatigue, stress relaxation ,creep, high-velocity shock and vibration.

The miniature differential transformer was developed for measuring strain and stress in the field test. Its coil length is only 12mm , and its technical characteristics are improved evidently in comparison with the original of 50mm. This transformer is applied successfully to some engineering works.